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Tai biến mạch máu não

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Năm 2004, tai biến và các bệnh mạch máu não khác gây ra khoảng 5,7 triệu cái chết, chiếm 9,7% ca tử vong trên toàn thế giới. Năm 2008, con số này là 6,15 triệu, chiếm đến 10,8% các ca tử vong. Đến nay, tỷ lệ này vẫn không ngừng gia tăng.

 Tai biến mạch máu não cướp 100.000 sinh mạng mỗi năm

Mỗi năm Việt Nam có khoảng 200.000 người mắc bệnh lý tai biến mạch máu não, gần một nửa trong số đó tử vong. Gốc tự do được cho là nguyên nhân dẫn đến bệnh lý mạch máu não và thoái hóa tế bào thần kinh.

Riêng TP HCM, các thống kê cho thấy khoảng 19.000 người bị tai biến mỗi năm, trong đó chừng 1.000 trường hợp tử vong. Chưa có thống kê cụ thể nhưng nhìn chung độ tuổi bệnh nhân gặp phải các cơn tai biến mạch máu não đang ngày một trẻ hóa, thậm chí nhiều ca nhập viện chưa đến tuổi 20.

Từ năm 1990, nghiên cứu Gánh nặng Bệnh tật Toàn cầu (GBD) của Tổ chức Y tế thế giới (WHO) đã xếp các bệnh mạch máu não ở vị trí thứ hai trong danh sách bệnh gây tử vong cao nhất, chỉ sau bệnh tim mạch. Vị trí này không hề thay đổi trong suốt các báo cáo y học sau này, kể cả trong dự báo về các nguyên nhân tử vong cho đến năm 2030.

Thiếu máu não thoáng qua, đau nửa đầu là những bệnh mạch máu não thường gặp.

Năm 2004, tai biến và các bệnh mạch máu não khác gây ra khoảng 5,7 triệu cái chết, chiếm 9,7% ca tử vong trên toàn thế giới. Năm 2008, con số này là 6,15 triệu, chiếm đến 10,8% các ca tử vong. Đến nay, tỷ lệ này vẫn không ngừng gia tăng. Các bệnh mạch máu não thường gặp là thiếu máu não thoáng qua, đau nửa đầu…

Có nhiều nguyên nhân dẫn đến bệnh lý mạch máu não, trong đó vai trò của gốc tự do đang ngày càng được quan tâm. Phó giáo sư Tiến sĩ Trần Đáng, nguyên Cục trưởng An toàn vệ sinh thực phẩm cho biết: “Gốc tự do là những yếu tố có hại sinh ra từ quá trình chuyển hóa của cơ thể và từ ảnh hưởng của các tác nhân bên ngoài. Chúng được y học hiện đại xem là nguồn gốc của sự lão hóa và rất nhiều bệnh tật”.

Theo đó, gốc tự do là nguyên tử – phân tử bị mất một điện tích, có tính chất kém ổn định nên phải liên tục tìm và cướp lấy điện tích từ các nguyên tử – phân tử xung quanh. Trong quá trình này, chúng liên tục biến những “nạn nhân” của mình thành gốc tự do mới, dẫn đến biến đổi gây tổn hại, rối loạn và làm chết tế bào. Não bộ là nơi sinh ra nhiều gốc tự do nhất nên chịu ảnh hưởng nhiều hơn cả.

Với mạch máu não, chúng tấn công mạnh và gây tổn thương thành mạch, tạo điều kiện cho sự hình thành mảng xơ vữa. Các mảng này lớn dần, làm hẹp các động mạch khiến giảm lưu lượng máu lưu thông gây nên tình trạng thiếu máu cục bộ. Đó chính là tình trạng thiếu máu não thoáng qua hoặc trầm trọng hơn là tai biến mạch máu não. Những biến đổi giãn nở của mạch máu não cũng có thể làm xuất hiện các cơn đau nửa đầu, gây chóng mặt, rối loạn thị giác kèm theo buồn nôn. Cơn đau nửa đầu phức tạp có thể làm ảnh hưởng các chức năng của não.

“Ngoài ảnh hưởng đến mạch máu, gốc tự do còn làm tổn thương các tế bào thần kinh não, gây ra các bệnh về thoái hóa thần kinh như suy giảm trí nhớ, sa sút trí tuệ, alzheimer, parkinson…”, PGS Trần Đáng cho biết thêm. Theo ông, người bệnh đái tháo đường, mỡ trong máu cao, stress triền miên dễ bị hẹp lòng động mạch nhất. “Không ai được phép chủ quan, vì theo thời gian thì những tổn thương thành mạch máu do gốc tự do gây ra hầu như không thể tránh khỏi”, ông nói.

Trung bình đến tuổi 70, trong cơ thể người vừa hình thành vừa liên tục trung hòa tổng cộng khoảng 17 tấn gốc tự do. Sau tuổi 30, gốc tự do xuất hiện ngày càng nhiều trong khi khả năng trung hòa của cơ thể bắt đầu giảm sút. Điều này lý giải vì sao nguy cơ các bệnh mạch máu não, thoái hóa thần kinh tăng cao theo độ tuổi.

Theo bác sĩ, các chất chống gốc tự do trong thảo dược, rau quả… có thể giúp bảo vệ mạch máu não và tế bào thần kinh não. Tuy nhiên, chúng chỉ có thể đạt hiệu quả nếu vượt qua hàng rào máu não – một rào chắn sinh học kiểm soát tất cả các chất đưa vào não.

PGS Trần Đáng cũng khẳng định: “Bổ sung các chất chống gốc tự do từ thiên nhiên là một vũ khí tốt để chăm sóc sức khỏe cho não bộ. Tuy nhiên nên biết rằng gốc tự do sẽ sinh ra nhiều hơn nếu thiếu dinh dưỡng, stress kéo dài hay sống trong môi trường ô nhiễm”. Vì vậy, theo ông, duy trì chế độ dinh dưỡng cân đối, sinh hoạt có quy luật, vận động vừa sức, giữ cho tinh thần lạc quan, tâm lý cân bằng và tránh các tác nhân có hại như thuốc lá, hóa chất diệt cỏ – diệt côn trùng… là vô cùng cần thiết.

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